Dr. Alan Whittington Room 312, Geological Sciences
whittingtona@missouri.edu Phone: 884-7625
Meetings: MWF 12:00 - 1:15 Room
207, Geological Sciences
Prerequisites: GEOL
3900 and GEOL 4700, or GEOL 8160, or
instructorÕs consent
Required text: Silicate
Glasses and Melts: Properties and Structure by
B.O. Mysen and P. Richet, published by Elsevier, Developments in Geochemistry
10, 2005. ISBN 0-444-52011-2.
Other Texts: *Structure,
Dynamics and Properties of Silicate Melts by
J.F. Stebbins, P.F. McMillan, and D.B. Dingwell (eds), Mineralogical Society of
America, Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 32, 1995. ISBN 0 939950 39 1
*Volatiles in Magmas
by M.R. Carroll and J.R. Holloway (eds),
Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 30, 1994.
ISBN 0 939950 36 7
* both available in paperback for $24 each with MSA membership
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, by H. Sigurdsson, (ed) Academic Press, New York, 2000. ISBN 0-12-643140-X
Course Description:
This course is primarily designed to serve as an introduction to the physical properties of silicate liquids, glasses and magmas for graduate students who will be doing volcanological research in the experimental petrology laboratory. It is open to all qualified students however, and would be a useful course for students doing research in any branch of igneous petrology, or certain fields within materials science / engineering. It can be split into two main components:
Part 1: Introduction to rheology and thermodynamics of glasses, liquids and magmas (~7 weeks). This will introduce the glass transition, and geologically important physical properties (density, viscosity, heat capacity, etc). We will explore techniques for their measurement, the effects of pressure, temperature and composition on these properties (especially volatile content), and the theoretical (thermodynamic) basis for current models of physical properties.
Part 2: Application to physical
volcanology (~7 weeks). Putting the theoretical and practical components into a
volcanological context, using arc volcanoes (e.g. Santiaguito and Mt. St.
Helens dacite domes) as case studies. We will investigate changes in the
physical properties of magma due to changing bulk composition, crystallinity,
temperature, volatile content and strain rate accompanying magma ascent,
crystallization and eruption.
Grading: A/F
or S/U (standard grading), 3 credit hours
Homework writing assignments 45%
Discussion / participation 15%
Term paper (research proposal) 30%
Research presentation 10%
Weekly readings will include one or two
chapters from Mysen and Richet, and occasionally the Reviews in Mineralogy
books, and between one and three literature papers. Typically there is a
homework attached (summarizing a paper, for example) and I will assign
different papers to each student. Clearly written summaries (to be provided to
other students) and a willingness to lead a discussion are important for this
course to work, hence 75% of the grade is on written work and 25% on discussion
participation and presentation.
The other major course aim is to develop
a research proposal; this should NOT be your dissertation topic but can
be related – check with Alan first. A pre-proposal (to check that the
idea is feasible) and first draft (to help with organization, not to correct
typographical errors) will be submitted prior to the final submission deadline,
and returned promptly with suggestions. The proposal should follow standard NSF
layout and guidelines, but can be shorter (minimum 7 pages or 2000 words). A
15-minute presentation is also required; this will be worth 10% of the final
grade (with 30% coming from an assessment of the written proposal).
Provisional
course outline:
Part 1 – introduction to rheology and thermodynamics of glasses, liquids and magmas
1.
Introduction: Silicate Glasses, Melts and Magmas (M&R chap 2)
2.
Structural relaxation and the glass transition (M&R chap 3; RM32
chaps 1 and 2)
3.
Empirical models for silicate liquid viscosity (assigned readings from
the literature)
4.
Rheology and configurational entropy (M&R chap 4; RM32 chap 3)
5. Mixing properties and structure of silicate melts (RM32 chap 6)
6.
Effect of volatiles on the physical properties of silicate melts
(M&R chaps RM30 chap 9)
Part 2 – application to physical volcanology
7.
Introduction to Dacite Domes and other Volcanoes (assigned readings from
the literature)
8.
Volatile solubility in magmas (RM30 chaps 4 and 5)
9.
Pre-eruptive volatile contents of magmas (RM30 chap 8)
10. Magmatic degassing and fragmentation (RM30 chaps 10 and
11)
11. Crystals and magma rheology (assigned readings from the
literature)
Assignments: (in addition to weekly readings). Weeks are when the assignment is due:
Week 2: 1 page chapter summary (3%)
Week 3: Summarize chapter using 1 sentence per paragraph (3%)
Week 4: Literature search, using GeoREF / GeoBASE (3%)
Week 5: Abstract of assigned literature paper (3%)
Week 6: 1 page summary of literature paper of choice (5%)
Week 7: 10-minute informal presentation on a physical property other than viscosity (10%)
Week 8: Literature search, Santiaguito / Fuego / other, using GeoREF / GeoBASE (3%)
Week 9: 4-page introduction to Santiaguito / Fuego / other volcano (15%)
Week 10: One-page summary of research proposal due (pre-proposal)
Week 11: SPRING BREAK
Week 12: Work on research proposal
Week 13: First draft of research proposal due (to be returned to you within 1 week)
Week 14: Work on research proposal
Week 15: Work on research proposal
Week 16: Last week: 15 minute
presentation of research proposal, and submit proposal.
Policy on attendance:
Attendance at every scheduled
class is mandatory unless excused in advance. Each unexcused absence is -1%
from the 15% allotted to discussion / participation.
Policy on late submission of
homework or term paper:
Deadlines for submission of homeworks or the term paper will be clearly stated when each piece of work is assigned. No submission deadline will be less than seven days from the date at which the work was assigned. Every half-day increment past the deadline will incur a penalty of 10% of the available score for that piece of work (i.e. between 1 minute late and the end of that day loses 10%; the next morning loses 20%, and so on). Only in exceptional cases will deadlines be extended, in which case documentation of the reason for extension will be required.
Accommodation of students with disabilities:
If you need accommodations because of a disability, if you have emergency medical information to share, or if you need special arrangements in case the building must be evacuated, please inform me immediately.
To request academic accommodations (for example, a note-taker), students must also register with Disability Services, AO38 Brady Commons, 882-4696. It is the campus office responsible for reviewing documentation provided by students requesting academic accommodations, and for accommodations planning in cooperation with students and instructors, as needed and consistent with course requirements. For other MU resources for students with disabilities, click on "Disability Resources" on the MU homepage.
Students who have special conditions as addressed by the Americans with Disabilities Act, and who need any test or course materials to be furnished in an alternative format, should notify the instructor immediately. Reasonable efforts will be made to accommodate the needs of these students. Such students should also register with the Disability Services Office, A038 Brady Commons, phone 882-4696.
MU policy on academic honesty:
Academic integrity ensures that all students have a fair and equal opportunity to succeed. Any behavior that provides an unfair advantage to one student is unacceptable and will not be tolerated. Each piece of work completed by a student must be solely a reflection of that studentÕs own work or his or her contribution to a collaborative effort.
I strive to uphold the
University values of respect, responsibility, discovery, and excellence. On my honor, I pledge that I have
neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this work.
Students are expected to adhere to this pledge on all graded work whether or not they are explicitly asked in advance to do so. Furthermore, in instances where academic integrity is in question, I will refer to Article VI of the Faculty Handbook. (Article VI provides further information regarding the process by which violations are handled and sets forth a standard of excellence in our community.) I plan to use Option B.
Reference
list: (to be updated as new articles are
published):
Topic 2: structural relaxation and the glass transition
Dingwell, D.B., 1995. Relaxation in silicate melts: some applications. Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 32, p. 21-66.
Moynihan, C.T., 1995. Structural Relaxation and the Glass Transition. Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 32, p. 1-19.
Topic 3: silicate liquid viscosity: empirical models
Bottinga, Y., and Weill, D.F. (1972) The viscosity of magmatic silicate liquids; a model calculation. American Journal of Science, v. 272, p. 438-475.
Giordano, D., and Dingwell, D.B., 2003. Non-Arrhenian multicomponent melt viscosity; a model. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 208, p. 337-349.
McBirney, A.R., and Murase, T. (1984) Rheological properties of magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 12, p. 337-357.
Mysen, B.O., 1987. Magmatic silicate melts: relations between bulk composition, structure and properties. In: Magmatic Processes: Physicochemical Principles, ed. B.O. Mysen. Geochemical Society Special Publication no. 1, p. 375-399.
Shaw, H.R. (1972) Viscosities of magmatic silicate liquids; an
empirical method of prediction. American Journal of
Science, v. 272, p.870-893.
Spera, F.J., 2000. Physical Properties of
Magma. In: Encyclopedia of Volcanoes,
H. Sigurdsson, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 2000), p. 171-190.
Topic 4 configurational entropy
Neuville, D.R., Courtial, P., Dingwell, D.B., and Richet, P., 1993. Thermodynamic and rheological properties of rhyolite and andesite melts. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 113, 572-581.
Richet, P., 1984. Viscosity and configurational entropy of silicate melts, Geochimicha et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 471-483.
Richet , P., and Neuville, D.R., 1992. Thermodynamics of silicate melts; configurational properties. In: Advances in Physical Geochemistry, v. 10, p.132-161
Topic 5 mixing properties
Neuville, D.R., and Richet, P., 1991. Viscosity and mixing in molten (Ca, Mg) pyroxenes and garnets. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 1011-1019.
Topic 6 Volatiles
Dingwell, D.B., Romano, C., and Hess, K-U., 1996. The effect of water on the viscosity of a haplogranitic melt under P-T-X conditions relevant to silicic volcanism, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 124, p. 19-28.
Giordano, D. & Dingwell, D. B. 2003. Viscosity of hydrous Etna basalt; implications for Plinian-style basaltic eruptions. Bulletin of Volcanology 65, 8-14.
Richet, P., Lejeune, A.-M., Holtz, F., and Roux, J., 1996. Water and the viscosity of andesite melts. Chemical Geology, v. 128, p. 185-197.
Whittington, A., Richet, P., and Holtz, F., 2000. Water and the viscosity of hydrous depolymerized aluminosilicate melts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 64, p. 3725-3736.
Whittington, A., Richet, P., Linard, Y., and Holtz, F., 2001. The viscosity of hydrous phonolites and trachytes. Chemical Geology, v. 174, p. 209-224.
Zhang, Y., Xu, Z., and Liu, Y., 2003. Viscosity of hydrous rhyolitic melts inferred from kinetic experiments, and a new viscosity model. American Mineralogist, v. 88, p. 1741-1752.
Topic 7 Dacite Domes and other Volcanoes
Bluth G J S and W I Rose, 2004, Observations of eruptive activity at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala, J Volcanol Geoth Res 136: 297-302.
Harris, A.J.L., and Rowland, S.K., 2001. FLOWGO: a kinematic thermo-rheological model for lava flowing in a channel. Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 63, p. 20-44.
Harris, A. J. L., Flynn, L. P., Matias, O., and Rose, W. I., 2002, The thermal stealth flows of Santiaguito Dome, Guatemala; implications for the cooling and emplacement of dacitic block-lava flows: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 5, p. 533-546.
Harris, A.J.L., W I Rose and Flynn, L.P., 2003, Temporal trends in Lava Dome extrusion at Santiaguito, 1922-2000, Bulletin of Volcanology 65: 77-89.
Harris, Andrew J. L., Luke P. Flynn, Otoniel Matias, William I. Rose and Julio Cornejo, 2004, The evolution of an active silicic lava flow field: an ETM+ perspective, J Volcanol Geoth Res 135: 147-168.
Harris, D. M. and W. I. Rose, 1996, Dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions, crystallization and magma ascent: Hypotheses, theory and applications to volcano monitoring at Mount St. Helens. Bulletin of Volcanology, v. ,58, p. 163-174
Topic 9 Pre-eruptive volatile contents of magmas
Anderson, S.W., and Fink, J.H., 1989. Hydrogen-isotope evidence for extrusion mechanisms of the Mount St Helens lava dome. Nature, v. 341, p. 521-523.
Anderson, S. W., Fink, J. H., and Rose, W. I., 1995, Mount St. Helens and Santiaguito lava domes; the effect of short-term eruption rate on surface texture and degassing processes: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 69, no. 1-2, p. 105-116.
Cashman, K.V., and Taggart, J.E., 1983. Petrologic monitoring of 1981 and 1982 eruptive products from Mount St. Helens. Science, v. 221, p. 1385-1387.
Huppert, H.E., and Woods, A.W., 2002. The role of volatiles in magma chamber dynamics. Nature, v. 420, p493-495.
Melson, W.G., 1983 Monitoring the 1980-1982 eruptions of Mount St. Helens; compositions and abundances of glass. Science, v. 221, p. 1387-1391.
Topic 10 Magmatic degassing and fragmentation
Barmin, A., Melnik, O., and Sparks, R. S. J., 2002, Periodic behavior in lava dome eruptions: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 199, no. 1-2, p. 173-184.
Gonnermann, H.M., and Manga, M., 2003. Explosive volcanism
may not be an inevitable consequence of magma fragmentation. Nature, v. 426, p. 432-435.
Papale, P., 1999. Strain-induced magma fragmentation in
explosive eruptions. Nature, v. 397, p.
425-428.
Melnik and Sparks 1999, Nonlinear dynamics of lava dome extrusion. Nature v. 402 p 37-41.
Roggensack, K., Hervig, R.L., McKnight, S.B., and Williams, S.N., 1997. Explosive Basaltic Volcanism from Cerro Negro Volcano: Influence of Volatiles on Eruptive Style. Science, v. 277, p. 1639-1642.
Tuffen, H., Dingwell, D.B., and Pinkerton, H., 2003. Repeated fracture and healing of silicic magma generate flow banding and earthquakes? Geology, v. 31, p.1089-1092.
Woods, A.W., and Koyaguchi, T., 1994. Transitions between explosive and effusive eruptions of silicic magmas. Nature, v. 370, p. 641-644.
Topic 11 Crystals and Magma Rheology
Bouhifd, M.A., Richet, P., Besson, P., Roskosz, M., and Ingrin, J., 2004. Redox state, microstructure and viscosity of a partially crystallized basalt melt. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 218, p. 31-44.
Lejeune A.-M. and Richet, P., 1995. Rheology of crystal-bearing silicate melts: an experimental study at high viscosities. Journal of Geophysical Research, B., v. 100, p. 4215-4229.
Marsh, B.D., 1981. On the crystallinity, probability of occurrence, and rheology of lava and magma. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 78, p.85-98.
Ryerson, F. J., Weed, H. C., and Piwinskii, A. J., 1988. Rheology of subliquidus magmas; 1, Picritic compositions. Journal of Geophysical Research, B, v. 93, p.3421-3436.
Stein, D.J., and Spera, F.J., 1992. Rheology and microstructure of magmatic emulsions; theory and experiments. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 49, p.157-174.